Energy innovation funding and institutions in major economies

Accelerating energy innovation for decarbonization hinges on public investment in research, development and demonstration (RD&D). Here we examine the evolution variation of RD&D funding institutions associated drivers across eight major economies, including China India (2000–2018). The share new clean grew at expense nuclear, while fossil fuel remained stable. Governments created but experimented only marginally with novel designs that bridge lab to market accelerate commercialization. In theory, crisis, cooperation competition can be change. We find Mission Innovation is punctuated change clean-energy growth, tech gradual Stimulus spending after financial instead, boosted nuclear only. Looking ahead, global coopetition—the interplay competition—offers opportunities accelerating meet climate goals. Public are critical achieving goals, our understanding their evolution, limited. Meckling et al. compile institutional data economies how they changed expanded China.